A few days ago I posted on the narrow tax base in New York. There was a little commentary on the Gini coefficient, and rather more on how we should bias votes by tax paid, or something like that. My general point was really "Wow we're becoming an unequal society, which is bad for everyone as it seems to exacerbate the booms and busts in the economic cycle".
Anyway, all this led me to offer my point on tax. At some level, one view of tax is that it is a compact between the members of society. In essence the poorest people say to the richest "We won't storm the barricades and kill you if you give us a few crumbs from the cake".
As America gets more unequal, the view here seems to be shifting to thinking that tax is a gift, where the rich people condescend to throw some charity to the poorest out of the goodness of their hearts. So stats on how few people are paying tax, rather than leading people to wonder "WOW why are so many people under the taxation income threshhold?", seem to lead people to wonder, "WOW why can't I have even more?"
To illustrate my point more thoroughly: imagine a society with a Gini coefficient of 1.0. That is, one person has everything and the rest have nothing. In our imaginary society, the ruler lives in a castle on a hill, surrounded by serfs farming his land, raising pigs. The ninety nine serfs own nothing, and the ruler lives in luxury off their efforts. Each serf raises a pig on behalf of the king, meaning there are ninety nine pigs in the land. The wealth of the nation is basically "Ninety nine pigs + one castle and belongings + ninety nine serfs and their huts".
Imagine the ruler at a dinner party, entertaining a visiting king, sipping champagne from the golden slipper of a dancing (serf) girl. The visitor proposes that he'd buy more of the pigs, if the king could get them there faster. The king then thinks "I'll build a new road. Then I can sell more!"
Swiftly, though, he becomes embittered. He already pays for everything in the society - he buys the pigs, he feeds the serfs, he pays for the banquets for visitors. Why shouldn't everyone pay their fair share of the road? There are one hundred people in the kingdom, so he proposes each person pay 1%.
To raise his 1%, the king has one less glass of champagne at one meal. The serfs each sell their prettiest daughter into slavery in neighboring kingdoms. The road gets built, and society is twice as rich from the resulting trade: there are now two hundred more pigs - one hundred and one equal to the value of the castle and huts (well, I made that up. Hey - I made the whole thing up!), and ninety nine pigs on top of the initial ninety-nine pigs. Our ruler is a happy guy, with his 299 pigs.
Of course, it being a society of perfect inequality, the richness benefit flows 100% to the king, and 0% to everyone else. The impact of the "tax" on him was hardly noticeable, whereas it caused extreme duress to his subjects, and they benefited in no way. He congratulates himself on his business acumen, and marvels at how fair taxation has unleashed growth.
Perhaps the beleaguered peasants, bereaved from the heavy price they've paid, revolt and slay our despot. Perhaps instead they propose, "Why don't you pay 70%, give us each one pig, and we'll pay the other 30% next year, at tax return time?"
On this basis, the king would only get 200 pigs right away, and another 33 the next year. He also had to forgo 70 glasses of champage, as he paid 70% rather than 1%.
What does the king do? Obviously, he joins the Heritage Foundation, and argues how unfair taxation has harmed growth, impacted his business results by 23%, and decimated his champagne inventory.
What do the peasants do? Rejoicing in their new pigs - almost 0.7 pigs per person by the end of the year, vs 0.0 pigs the previous year - they send that Vladimir Ilyich Lenin guy packing, telling him to check in next year.